Impalefection is a technique used to introduce exogenous molecules, such as nucleic acids or proteins, into cells by using a fine, solid needle or lance to pierce the cell membrane. This method is also known as biolistic transfection or gene gun transfection. Impalefection is most commonly used for the transformation of plant cells, but it…

Sonoporation is a technique used to introduce exogenous molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, or drugs, into cells by utilizing ultrasound waves. It is a non-viral and non-chemical method that can be employed for various applications, including gene therapy, drug delivery, and molecular biology research. The process of sonoporation involves exposing cells to ultrasound waves…

HEPES-saline buffer is an aqueous solution commonly used in biological and biochemical research. It is composed of HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) and saline (a salt solution, typically containing sodium chloride). HEPES is a zwitterionic, or amphoteric, molecule, meaning it carries both positive and negative charges at specific pH values, which allows it to act as a…